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Beyond the Pleasure Principle, by Sigmund Freud
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When it comes to the world of psychiatry, one name has long stood out among the rest. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist who came to be known as the “Father of Psychoanalysis”. Freud himself suffered from psychosomatic symptoms yet would go on to develop groundbreaking theories on the unconscious mind and repression. Freud’s work in analyzing dreams has helped aid psychiatrists and patients alike to treat various physical and mental ailments.
This version of Beyond the Pleasure Principle includes a table of contents.
- Sales Rank: #145209 in eBooks
- Published on: 2012-10-13
- Released on: 2012-10-13
- Format: Kindle eBook
From the Back Cover
This controversial 1920 publication marks a turning point in the celebrated philosopher's theoretical approach. Previously, Freud considered most behavior attributable to sexual impulses. In this volume, he expands his theory beyond these creative impulses to discuss the impact on human psychology of the death drive, or "Thanatos," which he defines as "an urge inherent in all organic life to restore an earlier state of things."
Beyond the Pleasure Principle is among Freud's most intensely debated works, and the important questions that it raises continue to be widely debated a century later. Rejected by some as a pseudo-biological speculation, the concept of Thanatos was embraced by others and formed a path to subsequent theories concerning the mind's attacks on itself, negative narcissism, and addiction to near-death experiences. The concept also helped link Western psychoanalysis with Eastern perspectives on life and death, making this book essential reading for students of psychology, history, and literature.
Dover (2015) republication of the English translation by James Strachey.
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About the Author
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Austrian-born psychiatrist and pioneering founder of psychoanalysis, wrote several significant works, among them The Interpretation of Dreams, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and The Ego and the Id.
Most helpful customer reviews
94 of 96 people found the following review helpful.
Happy, Deadly, Wild Psychology!
By mp
Sigmund Freud's "Beyond the Pleasure Principle" is a key text, not only for psychologists, or literary theorists, but anyone who thinks about why our minds work the way they do. If your mind is open to extreme possibilities, give this text a read. It is short, barely 75 pages, but give yourself time to pore over and make notes, as Freud moves very quickly.
In "Beyond the Pleasure Principle," Freud seeks to discover the causes and effects of our drives. To this end, he begins with the pleasure principle, which basically holds that the job of our 'mental apparatus' is to lower tension and move us towards pleasure and stability. Working against the pleasure principle are our baser instincts, which must be repressed by a vigilant brain. The pleasure principle can also be interrupted by the reality principle, which operates in moments when basic life functions are threatened - to wit, when maintaining life is more important than pleasure.
Examining the pleasure principle, Freud looks at scenarios which may shed light on mental processes that seem to challenge it. These include repetition compulsion, wherein adults seem to fixate and reenact moments of trauma. Seeking a more primal cause for repetition instinct, Freud analyses children's games. Interestingly, the further Freud regresses, the more speculative and intense he gets - from childhood, Freud talks about the brain itself, moving back to simple multicellular organisms, unicellular organisms, and ultimately inorganic matter - all the time looking for an explanation of the origin of instincts themselves.
Freud's queries on instinct and repetition compulsion lead him to the darkest possible places - the revelation of the death instinct. Freud posits that the repetition compulsion manifests itself in all conscious beings in the desire to return to the earliest state, total inactivity. The remainder of his treatise is spent developing the conditions of the death instinct, and trying to find a way out of this shocking thesis. Taking up Hesiodic Eros as symbolic of the life instinct, Freud attempts to argue out of the seemingly inescapable conclusion.
Freud's writing style is direct and fluid, but not necessarily straightforward. If you're not paying attention, Freud can go over your head quickly. For example, on page 50 of this standard edition, his line of argument dismisses Darwin, Marx, and Nietzsche in a matter of two paragraphs to astounding effect. His language is highly figurative, drawing on philosophy, literature, biology, and anecdote to make and illustrate his points. A critical text for anyone interested in psychoanalysis and its figurehead author.
14 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
Brilliant
By Steiner
This little book is indubitable proof of the breadth and depth of Freud's thinking. It is a fascinating and multi-faceted read, containing elements of psychoanalysis, philosophy, poetry, biology, and the literary theory. You will not believe how quickly Freud is able to move from topic to topic and the absurd range within which he is able to speculate. This is also an extraordinarily challenging read, it requires patience and many re-readings. Freud discusses the compulsion to repeat, transference neurosis, life and death drives, and a number of other cognitive and behavioral topics.Here is a curious quote I adore: "In the last resort, what has left its mark on the development of organisms must be the history of the earth we live in and its relation to the sun" (pg. 45).
Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a seminal component of his expansive corpus, and should be standard reading for psychologists.
9 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Only for the Open-Minded
By Alex
This essay is easily the darkest work of nonfiction ever written and even though some of its claims are based on Freud's interpretations of now antiquated biology, the common assessment of psychoanalysis's scientific merits is a tad harsh. This essay is a rational, non-mystical challenge to the hedonistic imperative, which, utilitarians tell us, is the prime mover of human behavior. Yet, through both simple observation and self-inquiry, we know immediately that this is not the case. People are not rational machines that make rational decisions. We do not strive to maximize utility, consciously or unconsciously. When was the last time you saw someone, pencil in hand, calculate exactly how many drinks they should have? When was the last time you saw someone drink to excess?
Contrary to popular belief, Freud did not simply theorize without evidence; he was the product of a rigorous medical education, an ardent Darwinist and a confirmed atheist; it would be exceedingly difficult to find someone more tough-minded than he. Unfortunately, he was a psychologist when psychologists had to rely upon introspection, case studies, or gross examinations of the brain or skull (no, Freud was not a phrenologist; he was far to clever to fall for that nonsense) to understand the workings of the psyche.
After studying with Charcot Freud independently explored the causes of neurosis and found sexual repression to be a common cause of neurotic symptoms. Based on this discovery, which seems incredibly obvious now thanks to the proliferation of Freudianism and movements partially inspired by it, he deduced that libido is the prime mover of human behavior. This was not an original insight, but the notion that sexual repression can cause psychic disturbances is one of Freud's most original and enduring contributions to psychology.
For a period of time Freud felt he had fully explained human behavior by through pleasure-principle, the stages of development and the Oedipus complex. This feeling of completion would not last long. The First World War, a grueling and terrible conflict even when stood next to other grueling and terrible conflicts, had a profound impact on Freud and other thinkers of his generation.
Beyond the Pleasure Principle is Freud's attempt to explain behaviors and psychic phenomena that are not motivated by the pleasure principle. He concedes to the highly speculative nature of his essay at its onset, however, he believes he must create a counterpart for Eros because it is so obvious that the pleasure-principle alone does not adequately explain many common occurrences.
If human beings always avoid pain and seek pleasure, why do some of them relive traumatic experiences again and again? Why do they act in self-destructive ways? Why do they intentionally add unneeded stress to their lives? Libido can cause people to act irrationally or destructively, but it hardly explains the amount of overt and senseless maliciousness in the world.
To answer this question Freud posits an opposing force called the death drive. Other authors refer to it as "Thanatos" in order to distinguish it from Eros. Although attributed to him, Freud does not use this term in his essay. He refers to it as "the nirvana principle" once (which is a rather nice euphemism for "death drive"). He believes every organism has a subconscious desire to decrease its level of activity, to become inert, to become lifeless.
He claims there is an innate drive toward stasis that compels organisms to destroy themselves. The euphoric states people achieve with alcohol and other depressants stem at least partly from a reduction in global mental activity; psychological dependence on alcohol often comes partly from the desire for a reduction in the number and intensity of one's thoughts.
Television, meditation and other means of inducing hypnotic states are pleasurable for the same reason (television greatly decreases activity in the prefrontal cortex; it literally allows one to think less). It is obvious based on our daily experience that there is some kind of drive for stasis and disintegration in all human beings, albeit, it is far more pronounced in some than in others.
Freud even goes so far as to say that the climax is pleasurable because it is a temporary cessation of consciousness. The climax is pleasurable because it is an anticlimax. Now, whether this speaks more of a zoological truth or for Freud's own sex life is certainly debatable, but it is incontestable that orgasms can intoxicate an animal just like a drug, and that orgasms are the removal of libidinous energies. Bad jokes aside, orgasms, along with a sundry of other hormonal changes, a brief reduction in thought usually accompanies an orgasm, even though heightened sensitivity to sensation normally precedes it.
If libido is the "life-force" (to ironically use that reviled Vitalist phrase) then a sudden decrease in libido brings one peace, it brings one closer to a state akin to death. One could argue semantics, but semantics can halt or assist progress. Had Freud given his drive a less dramatic name, like the "relaxation drive", I don't believe his paper would have sparked nearly as much contempt, confusion or condescension.
Yet, as mad as it may sound to skeptical or overly optimistic readers, there is more than a grain of truth to the death-drive, even if only on a metaphorical level. It is food for thought.
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